{"id":11018,"date":"2022-11-10T22:25:56","date_gmt":"2022-11-10T21:25:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chesse.org\/substitution\/"},"modified":"2025-07-31T14:26:17","modified_gmt":"2025-07-31T12:26:17","slug":"substitution","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/chesse.org\/sv\/riskbedomning-och-substitution\/substitution\/","title":{"rendered":"Substitution"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11018\" class=\"elementor elementor-11018 elementor-7021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ca136 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74ca136\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad8f888\" data-id=\"ad8f888\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-626756b standfirst elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"626756b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Substitution handlar om att p\u00e5 ett systematiskt s\u00e4tt utv\u00e4rdera om de kemikalier som anv\u00e4nds g\u00e5r att byta ut mot mindre farliga alternativ.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e5269 elementor-toc--content-ellipsis elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-4867 elementor-global-3097 elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"91e5269\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:&quot;.noTOC&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 denna sida.&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5ll\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__91e5269\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-694aac0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"694aac0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Vad \u00e4r substitution?<\/h2><p>Substitution vid praktiskt arbete inneb\u00e4r att en farlighet tas bort, eller byts ut mot n\u00e5got mindre farligt alternativ, s\u00e5 att verksamheten blir tryggare och mer milj\u00f6v\u00e4nlig. En farlighet \u00e4r n\u00e5got som kan orsaka skada, exempelvis farliga kemikalier, elektricitet, h\u00f6ga temperaturer eller hala golv. Exemplen h\u00e4r handlar om substitution av kemikalier.   <\/p><p>I skolsammanhang kan substitution vara ett verktyg f\u00f6r att f\u00e5 den laborativa verksamheten att utvecklas i linje med principerna f\u00f6r gr\u00f6n kemi. Mer om detta tas upp i avsnittet <g id=\"gid_0\">gr\u00f6n kemi i skolans praktiska arbete<\/g>. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c71dd93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c71dd93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Vad beh\u00f6ver substitueras?<\/h2><p>Vissa kemikalier \u00e4r klassade som att de har s\u00e4rskilt farliga egenskaper (SVHC &#8211; substances of very high concern). Det kan ibland vara n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigt att byta ut dessa kemikalier eller minska kemikaliernas koncentration, eftersom de \u00e4r <a href=\"https:\/\/chesse.org\/sv\/lagstiftning\/lagstiftning-som-begransar-anvandningen-av-kemikalier\/\">begr\u00e4nsade eller f\u00f6rbjudna enligt lag<\/a>. Om det av pedagogiska sk\u00e4l inte g\u00e5r att substituera s\u00e5dana kemikalier ska l\u00e5g koncentration anv\u00e4ndas.<\/p><p>Klassificeringen av \u00e4mnen \u00e4ndras med tiden och med \u00f6kad kunskap. Kraven p\u00e5 att SVHC-\u00e4mnen b\u00f6r substitueras kvarst\u00e5r men informationen i \u00e4ldre upplagor av l\u00e4rob\u00f6cker kan vara inaktuell och d\u00e4rmed felaktiga. Vid anv\u00e4ndning av laborationer som beskrivs i en l\u00e4robok eller p\u00e5 en webbsida b\u00f6r man alltid \u00f6verv\u00e4ga m\u00f6jligheten att v\u00e4lja mindre farliga kemikalier \u00e4n i det givna exemplet.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e191b02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e191b02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Hur substituerar man?<\/h2><p>En riskbed\u00f6mning ger bra st\u00f6d f\u00f6r att avg\u00f6ra om substitution \u00e4r n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig. Exponering av farliga kemikalier kan f\u00f6rhindras genom anv\u00e4ndning av mindre farliga kemikalier eller v\u00e4lja alternativa reaktioner och metoder f\u00f6r att undvika att milj\u00f6- och h\u00e4lsofarliga kemikalier bildas. <\/p><p>Om substitution inte \u00e4r m\u00f6jlig kan riskerna minimeras, genom att exempelvis omforma experimentet till ett experiment i mikroskala f\u00f6r att minska m\u00e4ngden av det farliga \u00e4mnet som anv\u00e4nds, eller genom att anv\u00e4nda en l\u00e4gre koncentration av l\u00f6sningen. <a href=\"https:\/\/chesse.org\/sv\/markning-forvaring-och-avfallshantering\/markning\/#labelgenerator\">Etikettgeneratorn<\/a> inneh\u00e5ller information om faroklassificeringen f\u00f6r olika koncentrationer av vanliga l\u00f6sningar och kan anv\u00e4ndas som ett verktyg f\u00f6r att bed\u00f6ma hur en minskning av koncentrationen p\u00e5verkar risken. Att g\u00f6ra experimentet som en demonstration, \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 m\u00f6jligt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d117f92 linkBox elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d117f92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Exempel 1:<\/strong> <br>Ett exempel p\u00e5 en vanlig laboration i skolan \u00e4r att tillverka v\u00e4tgas genom att l\u00e5ta zink reagera med saltsyra. Det kr\u00e4ver en stark syra med h\u00f6g koncentration. Genom att v\u00e4lja en mer reaktiv metall, till exempel magnesium, r\u00e4cker det att anv\u00e4nda en l\u00e5g koncentration av en svag syra f\u00f6r att v\u00e4tgas ska bildas. Elevernas f\u00f6rst\u00e5else f\u00f6r principerna f\u00f6r v\u00e4tgasbildning blir densamma, men ger l\u00e4gre exponeringen f\u00f6r farliga kemikalier.<\/p><p><strong>Exempel 2:<\/strong> <br>Vid syra-bastitrering \u00e4r det vanligt att man anv\u00e4nder fenolftalein som indikator. Fenolftalein finns dock p\u00e5 <a href=\"https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/en\/candidate-list-table\">kandidatf\u00f6rteckningen \u00f6ver s\u00e4rskilt farliga \u00e4mnen (SVHC), <\/a>och det finns riktlinjer f\u00f6r hur anv\u00e4ndningen ska begr\u00e4nsas.<\/p><p>Beroende p\u00e5 syftet med titreringen kan en m\u00f6jlighet vara att ers\u00e4tta fenolftalein med en annan mindre farlig indikator, exempelvis tymolftalein. Riskerna kan alternativt minimeras genom anv\u00e4ndning av fenolftaleinl\u00f6sning med l\u00e4gre koncentration eller att minska m\u00e4ngden fenolftalein.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-400b92c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"400b92c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enligt CLP-f\u00f6rordningen finns koncentrationsgr\u00e4nser f\u00f6r klassificering av blandningar. Dessa kan anv\u00e4ndas f\u00f6r att avg\u00f6ra till vilken koncentration en cancerframkallande, mutagen eller reproduktionsst\u00f6rande (CMR) kemikalie ska sp\u00e4das, f\u00f6r att inte l\u00e4ngre klassificeras som ett CMR-\u00e4mne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4df0fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4df0fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table class=\"chesseTable\"><caption>Koncentrationsgr\u00e4nser som anv\u00e4nds vid klassificering av blandningar<\/caption><tbody><tr><th class=\"orange\" style=\"width: 30%; font-size: larger; text-align: center;\">Koncentrationsgr\u00e4ns<\/th><td class=\"orangeBorder\">Gr\u00e4nsv\u00e4rde f\u00f6r klassificering i en specifik faroklass.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"orange\" style=\"font-size: larger; text-align: center;\">S\u00e4rskild koncentrationsgr\u00e4ns<\/th><td class=\"orangeBorder\">En specifik koncentrationsgr\u00e4ns f\u00f6r en viss kemikalie som v\u00e4ger tyngre \u00e4n allm\u00e4nna koncentrationsgr\u00e4nser. Specifika koncentrationsgr\u00e4nser anges i CLP-f\u00f6rordningen och p\u00e5 s\u00e4kerhetsdatabladet.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f99d429 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f99d429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fenolftalein har faroangivelsen Kan orsaka cancer (H350), men har en s\u00e4rskild koncentrationsgr\u00e4ns p\u00e5 \u2265 1 %, som \u00e4r h\u00f6gre \u00e4n den allm\u00e4nna koncentrationsgr\u00e4nsen (\u2265 0,1 %). Med andra ord klassificeras fenolftaleinl\u00f6sning som cancerframkallande endast om den \u00e4r \u2265 1 %. En l\u00f6sning p\u00e5 1 g\/dm3 fungerar bra i de flesta laborationer. Men om man inte k\u00f6per in f\u00e4rdigutsp\u00e4dd l\u00f6sning utan man ist\u00e4llet tillverkar fenolftaleinl\u00f6sningen p\u00e5 skolan s\u00e5 g\u00e4ller reglerna f\u00f6r hantering av cancerframkallande \u00e4mnen.   <\/p><p>Ett annat alternativ kan vara att byta metod och anv\u00e4nda en pH-m\u00e4tare ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r fenolftalein.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fea811e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fea811e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I bilden nedan illustreras substitutionsprocessens fem steg. Den beskriver tillv\u00e4gag\u00e5ngss\u00e4ttet f\u00f6r att identifiera och ers\u00e4tta farliga kemikalier eller utveckla alternativa metoder.<\/p><figure><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8900 \" style=\"max-width: 95vw; width: 460px;\" src=\"https:\/\/chesse.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/SE_the-five-steps-in-the-substitution-process.svg\" alt=\"De fem stegen i substitutionsprocessen: samla information om kemikalierna, identifiera o\u00f6nskade \u00e4mnen, inventera m\u00f6jliga alternativ, utv\u00e4rdera och v\u00e4lja alternativ, utveckla nya alternativ.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\"><figcaption>De fem stegen i substitutionsprocessen.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ab00939 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ab00939\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fef527\" data-id=\"9fef527\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03a71ca linkBox elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03a71ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Mer information<\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/chesse.org\/sv\/lagstiftning\/lagstiftning-som-begransar-anvandningen-av-kemikalier\/\">Lagstiftade begr\u00e4nsningar av kemikalier<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/authorisation-list\">Tillst\u00e5ndsf\u00f6rteckningen<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/en\/candidate-list-table\">Kandidatf\u00f6rteckning \u00f6ver SVHC-\u00e4mnen<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/substitution-to-safer-chemicals\">Ers\u00e4ttning med s\u00e4krare kemikalier<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/chesse.org\/sv\/gron-kemi\/elevaktiviteter-optimerade-for-gron-kemi\/\">Gr\u00f6n kemi i undervisningen<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Substitution handlar om att p\u00e5 ett systematiskt s\u00e4tt utv\u00e4rdera om de kemikalier som anv\u00e4nds g\u00e5r att byta ut mot mindre farliga alternativ. Table of Contents Vad \u00e4r substitution? Substitution vid praktiskt arbete inneb\u00e4r att en farlighet tas bort, eller byts ut mot n\u00e5got mindre farligt alternativ, s\u00e5 att verksamheten blir tryggare och mer milj\u00f6v\u00e4nlig. En &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/chesse.org\/sv\/riskbedomning-och-substitution\/substitution\/\" class=\"more-link\">Forts\u00e4tt l\u00e4sa <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Substitution<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":0,"parent":11167,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11018","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Substitution &#8211; Chemical Safety in Science Education<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Substitution handlar om att p\u00e5 ett systematiskt s\u00e4tt utv\u00e4rdera om de kemikalier som anv\u00e4nds g\u00e5r att byta ut mot mindre farliga alternativ.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chesse.org\/sv\/riskbedomning-och-substitution\/substitution\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Substitution &#8211; 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